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Virendra Singh ¹, Jasbir Singh Bedi ¹, Akhil Gupta ², Jatinder Paul Singh Gill ¹, Rabinder Singh Aulakh ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, IN
2 Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic chemicals that are adversely affecting animal and human health and the environment around the world. They persist for long periods of time in the environment and can accumulate and pass from one species to the next through the food chain. The present study aimed for determination of POPs residues in farm fish and its environment. Total 195 farm fish, 39 sediments and 39 water samples were collected from Punjab and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and confirmed by GC-mass spectrometry. Residues of lindane, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, endosulfan sulfate, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)-28, PCB-138, and PCB-180 were detected with mean levels of 22.6, 15.3, 22.7, 23.7, 26.9, 27.3, and 25.7 ng/g in farm fish samples, respectively. In the fishpond sediment samples presence of lindane and p,p'-DDE residues were noticed with mean levels of 17.7 and 9.4 ng/g, respectively. Residues of p,p'-DDE and endosulfan sulfate were detected with a mean level of 14.9 and 64.4 ng/g in fish pond water samples. The comparison of overall mean residues of POPs observed in fish samples throughout Punjab revealed that the levels were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) described by EU-MRLs, Italian-MRLs, FDA-2001, and FAO-1983. The presence of POPs residues in the aquatic environment requires continuous monitoring for the safeguard of human health.

Keywords

Farm Fish, Maximum Residue Limits, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Sediments, Water.

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Amit Kumar ¹, Jasbir Singh Bedi ¹, Jatinder Paul Singh Gill ¹, Rabinder Singh Aulakh ¹, Mandeep Kaur ¹, Anureet Brarb ²

Affiliations
1 School of Public Health and Zoonoses, GADVASU, Ludhiana, IN
2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, IN

Abstract

Milk contamination is of extreme concern consideringit’s an important component of everybody’s diet. In present study 706 milk samples collected from different districts of Punjab were screened for the presence of organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides. Pesticide residues were assessed using Gas chromatography with flame thermionic detector and electron capture detector then confirmed by Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The quantitative estimation of pesticide residues in milk samples revealed the presence of chlorpyrifos, HCH (γ-HCH), DDT, endosulfan and cypermethirn with mean levels of 1.46 ng g^-1, 0.43 ng g^-1, 0.40 ng g^-1, 0.39 ng g^-1 and 1.23 ng g^-1, respectively. Chlorpyrifos was found to be the major contributor with 29.9% contribution, and 3 samples exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL) followed by HCH with 21.2% contribution and 7 samples exceeded its MRL and cypermethrin 18.1 % contribution and only 2 samples with concentration above MRL. The spatial distribution of residues in Punjab reflected the higher levels in south-west region known as the cotton belt. Risk assessment through consumption of milk in Punjab was evaluated and observed that hazard index for DDT and HCH were within the prescribed ranges.

Keywords

Bovine Milk, Pesticide Residue, Gas Chromatography, Risk Assessment, Punjab.

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Anil Patyal ¹, Jatinder Paul Singh Gill ², Jasbir Singh Bedi ², Rabinder Singh Aulakh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491 001, IN
2 School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141 004, IN

Abstract

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic and carcinogenic metabolite secreted in milk of dairy animals which have consumed the aflatoxin B1 contaminated feedstuff. In this study, 230 different types of milk samples comprising raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature treated milk were collected from three different geographical sites of Punjab during different seasons and analysed for the presence of AFM1 by using ELISA as screening, and HPLC with fluorescence detection as confirmatory method. Of total, 51% samples were detected positive for AFM1, while 45% and 38% samples were found with AFM1 levels higher than the tolerance limits established by the European commission and Food safety and standard authority of India respectively. Results of study indicated a high incidence and levels of AFM1 in different types of milk during all seasons. Owing to this, there is a potential risk of liver cancer in people of Punjab, India especially children due to milk consumption. Therefore, strict regulatory actions are urgently required to control AFM1 level in milk below the legal standard limits. There is need to initiate routine examination of dairy animal feeds for aflatoxins to reduce animal and consequently human exposure.

Keywords

Aflatoxin M1, India, Pasteurized Milk, Raw Milk, UHT Milk.

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